From editor@telecom-digest.org Mon Oct 18 12:57:53 2004 Received: (from ptownson@localhost) by massis.lcs.mit.edu (8.11.6p3/8.11.6) id i9IGvrv23739; Mon, 18 Oct 2004 12:57:53 -0400 (EDT) Date: Mon, 18 Oct 2004 12:57:53 -0400 (EDT) From: editor@telecom-digest.org Message-Id: <200410181657.i9IGvrv23739@massis.lcs.mit.edu> X-Authentication-Warning: massis.lcs.mit.edu: ptownson set sender to editor@telecom-digest.org using -f To: ptownson Approved: patsnewlist Subject: TELECOM Digest V23 #495 TELECOM Digest Mon, 18 Oct 2004 12:57:00 EDT Volume 23 : Issue 495 Inside This Issue: Editor: Patrick A. Townson Telecom Update (Canada) #453, October 18, 2004 (Angus TeleManagement) Re: AMTRAK (was Re: Last Laugh! A Nice Place to Work!) (Joel M. Hoffman) Re: AMTRAK (was Re: Last Laugh! A Nice Place to Work!) (Scott Dorsey) Re: AMTRAK (was Re: Last Laugh! A Nice Place to Work!) (Dave VanHorn) Re: Radio Questions (Nick Ruark) Re: Radio Questions (John Levine) Re: Radio Questions (Steve Sobol) Re: Radio Questions (Gene S. Berkowitz) Re: Radio Questions (jdj) Re: Radio Questions (Withheld on Request) XM Radio; One Roady in Car, One in Home; Same Subscription (T Williams) Re: I Need a Long Distance Provider (Joseph) Re: Click Fraud Threatens Web (Dr. Joel M. Hoffman) All contents here are copyrighted by Patrick Townson and the individual writers/correspondents. Articles may be used in other journals or newsgroups, provided the writer's name and the Digest are included in the fair use quote. By using -any name or email address- included herein for -any- reason other than responding to an article herein, you agree to pay a hundred dollars to the recipients of the email. =========================== Addresses herein are not to be added to any mailing list, nor to be sold or given away without explicit written consent. Chain letters, viruses, porn, spam, and miscellaneous junk are definitely unwelcome. We must fight spam for the same reason we fight crime: not because we are naive enough to believe that we will ever stamp it out, but because we do not want the kind of world that results when no one stands against crime. Geoffrey Welsh =========================== See the bottom of this issue for subscription and archive details and the name of our lawyer; other stuff of interest. ---------------------------------------------------------------------- Date: Mon, 18 Oct 2004 10:13:19 -0400 From: Angus TeleManagement Subject: Telecom Update (Canada) #453, October 18, 2004 ************************************************************ TELECOM UPDATE ************************************************************ published weekly by Angus TeleManagement Group http://www.angustel.ca Number 453: October 18, 2004 Publication of Telecom Update is made possible by generous financial support from: ** ALLSTREAM: www.allstream.com ** AVAYA: www.avaya.ca/en/ ** BELL CANADA: www.bell.ca ** CISCO SYSTEMS CANADA: www.cisco.com/ca/ ** ERICSSON: www.ericsson.ca ** MITEL NETWORKS: www.mitel.com/ ** SPRINT CANADA: www.sprint.ca ** UTC CANADA: www.canada.utc.org/ ************************************************************ IN THIS ISSUE: ** Telus Abandons Microcell Bid ** Canada's Telecom Industry Profiled ** Bell Targets Fido Customers ** FCC Sets Powerline Broadband Rules ** Bell Mobility, Aliant Launch Video Messaging ** Area Code 226 to Overlay 519 ** Comments on 2500-2690 MHz Spectrum Allocation ** Court Orders CRTC to Reveal Staff Memo ** Rogers Completes AT&T Wireless Purchase ** AirIQ Buys Marine Communications Firm ** Nortel Postpones Flextronics Transfer ** Local Rates Increase in Cochrane ** TeraGo Starts Edmonton Service ** Vonage Canada Names Sales VP ** Correction--B.C. Area Code Meeting ** Taming Your Wireless Bills ============================================================ JOIN US THIS WEEK AT TELEMANAGEMENT LIVE! Don't miss Canada's premier conference on business telecommunications and networking, Wednesday & Thursday, October 20-21, at the Metro Toronto Convention Centre South. ** Conference Sessions: Wednesday 8:15-5:00, Thursday, 8:15- 3:30 ** Networking Party featuring Saturday Nite Fish Fry: Wednesday 5:00-9:00 (Steam Whistle) ** Exhibits Open: Wednesday & Thursday, Noon-5:00 Register now: 1-866-309-2227 or www.telemanagementlive.com ============================================================ TELUS ABANDONS MICROCELL BID: Telus let its offer for Microcell shares expire on October 12 and canceled a related $500 million Royal Bank line of credit. CFO Robert MacFarlane said that Telus believes that Rogers' higher offer would be accepted by Microcell shareholders. CANADA'S TELECOM INDUSTRY PROFILED: Industry Canada's new report on "Telecommunications Service in Canada: an Industry Overview," covering the years 1997-2003, is downloadable from the Department's website. http://strategis.ic.gc.ca/epic/internet/insmt-gst.nsf/en/sf05637e.html BELL TARGETS FIDO CUSTOMERS: In a bid to steal Microcell's biggest-spending customers before Rogers takes over the company, Bell Mobility is offering Fido customers a free camera phone and free local service for one year if they sign a three-year contract at $45/month. FCC SETS POWERLINE BROADBAND RULES: The U.S. Federal Communications Commission has adopted new rules it says will "encourage the development of Access Broadband over Power Line (Access BPL) systems while safeguarding existing licensed services against harmful interference." http://hraunfoss.fcc.gov/edocs_public/attachmatch/DOC-253125A1.doc BELL MOBILITY, ALIANT LAUNCH VIDEO MESSAGING: Bell Mobility and Aliant now offer a Samsung camcorder/cellphone that can capture up to 15 seconds of moving picture and sound and transmit the clip to another phone or an e-mail address. Price (Bell): $299 and up, plus 75 cents/message. AREA CODE 226 TO OVERLAY 519: The Canadian Numbering Administrator has assigned 226 as an overlay code for the 519 area in southwestern Ontario. The new code, and 10-digit local dialing, will be implemented on October 14, 2006. COMMENTS ON 2500-2690 MHz SPECTRUM ALLOCATION: Industry Canada has posted comments it has received on "Revisions to Allocations in the Band 2500-2690 MHz and Consultation on Spectrum Utilization." http://strategis.ic.gc.ca/epic/internet/insmt-gst.nsf/en/sf06357e.html COURT ORDERS CRTC TO REVEAL STAFF MEMO: The Federal Court of Appeal has ordered the CRTC to provide Telus with a copy of a Staff Memorandum which "may have affected" the Commission's ruling that partnership revenues must be included in calculating a carrier's share of CRTC telecommunications fees (Telecom Circular 2004-3). http://decisions.fca-caf.gc.ca/fca/2004/2004fca317.shtml www.crtc.gc.ca/archive/ENG/Circulars/2004/ct2004-3.htm ROGERS COMPLETES AT&T WIRELESS PURCHASE: Rogers Communications has completed the purchase of AT&T Wireless's 34% stake in its wireless subsidiary for $1.8 billion in cash. (See Telecom Update #448) AIRIQ BUYS MARINE COMMUNICATIONS FIRM: Telematics provider AirIQ has completed the purchase of Boatracs, a California- based marine communications firm, for US$5 million. NORTEL POSTPONES FLEXTRONICS TRANSFER: Nortel Networks says its ongoing financial restatement efforts will delay the transfer of manufacturing sites in Canada to Flextronics by three months. Facilities in Montreal and Calgary will be transferred in the first and second quarters of 2005, respectively. (See Telecom Update #440) LOCAL RATES INCREASE IN COCHRANE: CRTC Telecom Order 2004-345 approves an application by the Cochrane Municipal Telephone System to increase its monthly rates for individual business lines from $36 to $39, and for urban residential individual line from $19.80 to $20.75. www.crtc.gc.ca/archive/ENG/Orders/2004/o2004-345.htm TERAGO STARTS EDMONTON SERVICE: Wireless broadband provider TeraGo Networks has launched service in Edmonton, its fifteenth centre, and obtained $2.5 million in equity financing. VONAGE CANADA NAMES SALES VP: Vonage Canada has appointed Darrin Lamont its Vice-President of Sales and Customer Operations. Lamont was previously with Sprint Canada, Bell, and Group Telecom. CORRECTION--B.C. AREA CODE MEETING: Telecom Update #452 gave an incorrect location for the October 21-22 meeting on the future of Area Code 250. The meeting will be held in Kelowna, B.C. www.crtc.gc.ca/archive/ENG/Notices/2004/pt2004-4.htm TAMING YOUR WIRELESS BILLS: Fed up with out-of-control bills for corporate wireless voice and data services? A feature report in this month's Telemanagement provides guidelines for the tools and methods needed to manage the high cost of mobility. Also in this issue: ** A New Voice for Business Customers: Lis Angus interviews the chair of the Coalition for Competitive Telecommunications Pricing ** John Riddell examines open-source alternatives for IP-PBXs and IP-Centrex. Subscribers to Telemanagement Online can read this issue online now. For a one-year subscription, including unlimited access to Telemanagement's extensive online content, visit www.angustel.ca/teleman/tm-sub-online.html or phone 800-263- 4415 ext 500. ============================================================ HOW TO SUBMIT ITEMS FOR TELECOM UPDATE E-MAIL: editors@angustel.ca FAX: 905-686-2655 MAIL: TELECOM UPDATE Angus TeleManagement Group 8 Old Kingston Road Ajax, Ontario Canada L1T 2Z7 =========================================================== HOW TO SUBSCRIBE (OR UNSUBSCRIBE) TELECOM UPDATE is provided in electronic form only. There are two formats available: 1. The fully-formatted edition is posted on the World Wide Web on the first business day of the week at www.angustel.ca 2. The e-mail edition is distributed free of charge. To subscribe, send an e-mail message to: join-telecom_update@nova.sparklist.com To stop receiving the e-mail edition, send an e-mail message to: leave-telecom_update@nova.sparklist.com Sending e-mail to these addresses will automatically add or remove the sender's e-mail address from the list. Leave subject line and message area blank. We do not give Telecom Update subscribers' e-mail addresses to any third party. For more information, see www.angustel.ca/update/privacy.html. =========================================================== COPYRIGHT AND CONDITIONS OF USE: All contents copyright 2004 Angus TeleManagement Group Inc. All rights reserved. For further information, including permission to reprint or reproduce, please e-mail rosita@angustel.ca or phone 905-686-5050 ext 500. The information and data included has been obtained from sources which we believe to be reliable, but Angus TeleManagement makes no warranties or representations whatsoever regarding accuracy, completeness, or adequacy. Opinions expressed are based on interpretation of available information, and are subject to change. If expert advice on the subject matter is required, the services of a competent professional should be obtained. ------------------------------ Date: Mon, 18 Oct 2004 13:17:08 GMT From: joel@exc.com (Dr. Joel M. Hoffman) Subject: Re: AMTRAK (was Re: Last, Sad Laugh! A Nice Place to Work!) Organization: Excelsior Computer Services > doable, if a bit of a long day. It strikes me that one of our biggest > voluntary economic disadvantages is our failure to maintain and > improve a strong rail infrastructure. I'm sure you can find the full story on-line without much trouble. The short version is that the U.S.'s lack of a strong rail infrastructure is, in fact, by design. Detroit auto manufacturers and the truck-driver unions combined to dismantle the rail network that existed in this country and to pour money into building motorways instead of railways. The result is that we have great highways in the U.S. and not nearly as much rail as we used to (and terrible train service on what's left). -Joel ------------------------------ From: kludge@panix.com (Scott Dorsey) Subject: Re: AMTRAK (was Re: Last, Sad Laugh! A Nice Place to Work!) Date: 18 Oct 2004 10:52:18 -0400 Organization: Former users of Netcom shell (1989-2000) In article , John McHarry wrote: > Lisa Hancock wrote: >> For some reason Amtrak, which takes up a miniscule part of the Federal >> budget (1% of DOT, let alone the whole fed), seems to be the target of >> deficit haters and the "reform govt" movements. Yet, they ignore >> abuses like the aviation industry. >> Both sides of the political aisle have their pet projects and their >> pet dislikes. Amtrak happens to fall through the cracks. IMHO, solid >> funding of Amtrak would take some of the overcrowding off highways and >> airports (on short haul routes, obviously) saving the taxpayer money. > It is also the easiest way to move up and down the Eastern Corridor. I > took the Metroliner between DC and Newark a couple times shortly after > 9/11. For that distance it is about as fast, and less expensive, than > flying, if you are going to the city center. A day trip is easily > doable, if a bit of a long day. It strikes me that one of our biggest > voluntary economic disadvantages is our failure to maintain and > improve a strong rail infrastructure. It is a _great_ way to move up and down the Eastern Corridor, especially on short notice. It's also a pretty good way to get up and down the west coast. It is a _terrible_ way to go anywhere else. East-west trips are next to impossible to schedule, and there are a lot of towns (like mine) that get only one or two trains a day. And out here, Amtrak does not own the tracks but uses Norfolk Southern tracks on a secondary basis. This means you can occasionally get behind a freight train and find a four hour trip taking ten hours. scott "C'est un Nagra. C'est suisse, et tres, tres precis." ------------------------------ From: Dave VanHorn Subject: Re: AMTRAK (was Re: Last, Sad Laugh! A Nice Place to Work!) Date: Mon, 18 Oct 2004 10:24:47 -0500 > It is also the easiest way to move up and down the Eastern Corridor. I > took the Metroliner between DC and Newark a couple times shortly after > 9/11. For that distance it is about as fast, and less expensive, than > flying, if you are going to the city center. A day trip is easily > doable, if a bit of a long day. It strikes me that one of our biggest > voluntary economic disadvantages is our failure to maintain and > improve a strong rail infrastructure. Out here in the midwest, the train is essentially unusable, even though I live in a town that only exists at all, because of the confluence of rail lines. (Muncie Indiana) The cost, and inconvenience of booking a trip by rail out here is just insane. KC6ETE Dave's Engineering Page, www.dvanhorn.org Microcontroller Consultant, specializing in Atmel AVR ------------------------------ From: Nick Ruark Subject: Re: Radio Questions Date: Sun, 17 Oct 2004 18:08:30 -0700 Lelannie and Pat ... The call sign of the Pittsburgh station was and is KDKA. http://kdkaradio.com/history.shtml For more info on the history of broadcast radio, visit: http://www.fcc.gov/omd/history/radio/ http://earlyradiohistory.us/ http://www.oldradio.com/ http://home.luna.nl/~arjan-muil/radio/history.html http://history.acusd.edu/gen/recording/radio.html Unfortunately, with a few exceptions, of course, there's really not much worth listening to these days. (Big sigh!) Nick Ruark From: Lelannie55@yahoo.com (Lelannie) Subject: Radio Questions Date: 16 Oct 2004 22:31:47 -0700 Organization: http://groups.google.com > Hi, > I am very interested in the history of radio and I was wondering if > anyone knew where the first radio station in the United States was > located? Thank you so much for all your help with my question. > [TELECOM Digest Editor's Note: I believe it was in Pittsburgh, PA > in 1921. Unlike the rules today, where 'W' is east of the Mississippi > River, and 'K' stations are to the west of the same river, the station > in Pittsburgh was K-something, but I have forgotten its call sign > for sure. Another early station, perhaps the second, was WBBM in > Chicago, which began as a ham/shortwave station several years earlier > in Joliet, Illinois, but it became an *official* broadcasting station > when its owner got his license from the Federal Radio Commission (the > precursor to the present time FCC) to use the call sign WBBM and moved > his operation to the Broadmoor Hotel on the north side of Chicago, > also in 1921. PAT] Outgoing mail is certified Virus Free. Is yours? Checked by AVG anti-virus system (http://www.grisoft.com). Version: 6.0.778 / Virus Database: 525 - Release Date: 10/15/2004 ------------------------------ Date: 18 Oct 2004 01:22:57 -0000 From: John Levine Subject: Re: Radio Questions Organization: I.E.C.C., Trumansburg NY USA > I am very interested in the history of radio and I was wondering if > anyone knew where the first radio station in the United States was > located? Thank you so much for all your help with my question. Gee, I thought everyone knew that the first commercial broadcast radio station in the US was Westinghouse's KDKA which went on the air on 2 Nov 1920, broadcasting the the returns of the Cox-Harding election. Westinghouse engineer Frank Conrad had been experimenting broadcasting since October 1919 when amateur radio, shut down during WW I, resumed. The strong positive reaction to his material (everything from records to sports scores to his kids playing the piano) led Westinghouse to set up a commercial station. See http://www.ieee.org/organizations/history_center/milestones_photos/kdka.html KDKA is still on the air, and I'm sure they'll be broadcasting election returns on 2 Nov 2004. If you're including non-commercial morse code stations, there were some earlier government stations including the predecessor to WWV. I don't know which one of those was first. ------------------------------ From: Steve Sobol Subject: Re: Radio Questions Date: Sun, 17 Oct 2004 18:48:58 -0700 Organization: Glorb Internet Services, http://www.glorb.com TELECOM Digest Editor noted in response to Lelannie: > [TELECOM Digest Editor's Note: I believe it was in Pittsburgh, PA > in 1921. Unlike the rules today, where 'W' is east of the Mississippi > River, and 'K' stations are to the west of the same river, the station > in Pittsburgh was K-something, but I have forgotten its call sign > for sure. 1020 KDKA, still in operation today. Also KDKA-TV 2. Owned by CBS/Viacom. http://www.kdka.com/ (TV) http://www.kdkaradio.com/ (AM) Oddly enough, KYW-TV 3 in Philadelphia is also owned by Viacom!!!! KYW was an NBC owned-and-operated outlet for almost 50 years. KYW was another East Coast station that has K calls. I don't recall whether KYW started out in Cleveland, but it was in Cleveland at one point and NBC moved the calls to Philadelphia. JustThe.net Internet & New Media Services, http://JustThe.net/ Steven J. Sobol, Geek In Charge / 888.480.4NET (4638) / sjsobol@JustThe.net PGP Key available from your friendly local key server (0xE3AE35ED) Apple Valley, California Nothing scares me anymore. I have three kids. ------------------------------ From: Gene S. Berkowitz Subject: Re: Radio Questions Date: Sun, 17 Oct 2004 22:49:38 -0400 In article , Lelannie55@yahoo.com says: > Hi, > I am very interested in the history of radio and I was wondering if > anyone knew where the first radio station in the United States was > located? Thank you so much for all your help with my question. > [TELECOM Digest Editor's Note: I believe it was in Pittsburgh, PA > in 1921. Unlike the rules today, where 'W' is east of the Mississippi > River, and 'K' stations are to the west of the same river, the station > in Pittsburgh was K-something, but I have forgotten its call sign > for sure. That would be KDKA, on Election Night, 2-Nov-1920. > Another early station, perhaps the second, was WBBM in > Chicago, which began as a ham/shortwave station several years earlier > in Joliet, Illinois, but it became an *official* broadcasting station > when its owner got his license from the Federal Radio Commission (the > precursor to the present time FCC) to use the call sign WBBM and moved > his operation to the Broadmoor Hotel on the north side of Chicago, > also in 1921. PAT] WBZ was the first _commercially licensed_ station, and began broadcasting 19-Sep-1921, from E. Springfield, MA. They later moved the studio to Boston, and the transmitter was eventually relocated to Hull, MA, a peninsula east of Boston. --Gene ------------------------------ From: jdj Subject: Re: Radio Questions Date: Sun, 17 Oct 2004 23:40:20 -0700 Organization: Posted via Supernews, http://www.supernews.com On Sat, 16 Oct 2004 22:31:47 -0700, Lelannie wrote: > Hi, > I am very interested in the history of radio and I was wondering if > anyone knew where the first radio station in the United States was > located? Thank you so much for all your help with my question. > [TELECOM Digest Editor's Note: I believe it was in Pittsburgh, PA in > 1921. Unlike the rules today, where 'W' is east of the Mississippi > River, and 'K' stations are to the west of the same river, the station > in Pittsburgh was K-something, but I have forgotten its call sign for > sure. Another early station, perhaps the second, was WBBM in Chicago, > which began as a ham/shortwave station several years earlier in Joliet, > Illinois, but it became an *official* broadcasting station when its > owner got his license from the Federal Radio Commission (the precursor > to the present time FCC) to use the call sign WBBM and moved his > operation to the Broadmoor Hotel on the north side of Chicago, also in > 1921. PAT] The first radio station? Or the first broadcast station? As far as I can tell the very first radio communications were in New York City with Tesla's devices. He demonstrated a wireless controlled boat at the New York World's Fair sometime well before Marconi's effort. There were a few other experimenters who went largely unacknowleged and then Marconi came along. Seems the first broadcast was from San Jose California: See radio history at: http://www.oldradio.com/ http://www.tvhandbook.com/History/History_radio.htm http://bayradio.blogspot.com/ See also San Francisco radio history at: http://www.oldradio.com/archives/stations/sf/articles.htm Charles Herrold broadcast voice and music beginning in 1909 in San Jose: http://www.oldradio.com/archives/stations/sf/kqw.htm http://www.charlesherrold.org/ http://www.californiahistoricalradio.com/history.html A site repeating the "official radio history", puts Herrold's broadcasts in 1912 and omits mention of key contributions by such people as Tesla: http://history.acusd.edu/gen/recording/radio.html The Douglas Perham Collection has artifacts from the early days of radio and a light bulb given him at the 1893 Chicago World's Fair by George Westinghouse: http://www.perham.org/Moving.html If anyone has the opportunity, check the Clive Arbuckle historical archives for photos and more info on old communications technology and people in Santa Clara County. I learned in school (a California school, no less) that nothing useful ever came out of California except gold, food and perhaps movies. It was still the wild, wild west in the 1960's and 1970's and there were a lot of Mexicans dancing around hats. What a waste. (And they wonder why kids don't like school?) But Lee De Forest was here, in Menlo Park, next to Palo Alto, not far from San Francisco. The official textbooks say he was in Menlo Park, New Jersey hanging out with Edison. The first broadcast station was here, and perhaps the first amateur station as well, though I understand that the ARRL considers Hiram Maxim to be the first amateur radio operator and vehemently objects to anything and anyone disagreeing. ------------------------------ From: Name/email Withheld on Request Subject: Radio Questions Date: Sun, 17 Oct 2004 23:27:40 -0400 Hi Pat, Please feel free to pass this web site along. It will answer everything the fellow is asking about the first broadcast station, and a whole lot more. I would appreciate that my name and e-mail not be included. Just pass the link along if you think it appropriate. http://www.johnmartinmyrick.com/history.htm ------------------------------ From: dejausenet@yahoo.com (Tom Williams) Subject: XM Radio; One Roady in Car, One in Home; Same Subscription Date: 18 Oct 2004 03:59:42 -0700 Organization: http://groups.google.com I have XM service, using it in car to avoid having to carry roady back and forth to home, thinking of getting used second roady unit for use in home. Is it possible to have second unit on in home, on same one subscription? At no additional cost? If not, how much to have second subscription for home use? Thanks, t ------------------------------ From: Joseph Subject: Re: I Need a Long Distance Provider Date: Mon, 18 Oct 2004 07:14:43 -0700 Reply-To: JoeOfSeattle@yahoo.com On Sat, 16 Oct 2004 02:49:34 -0400, Michael Muderick wrote: > My LD provider charges a monthly minimum. We don't always reach that > minimum. I'm looking for a provider with a low per minute rate, > calling card, and will let me take my 800 number from my other > provider and no minumums or fees. I asked here about COGNI but got no > responses. Has anyone heard of it? Do you have any other suggestions? The best comparison site that I've found is A Bell Tolls http://abtolls.com which compares many different LD providers. It also shows real costs per minute instead of just the advertised cost per minute. Also will take into account the USF. Also indicates the monthly costs (if any) to use the different services. As far as toll-free that also varies from company to company. For calling card use you are probably better to find a card that will provide a good rate separate from what your long distance provider provides. Not always but some of the companies you may find with abtolls may have good calling card rates as well. It will take a little bit of sleuthing, but you will be able to find a good rate without paying a monthly "privilege" fee to use the service. ------------------------------ Date: Mon, 18 Oct 2004 13:04:17 GMT From: joel@exc.com (Dr. Joel M. Hoffman) Subject: Re: Click Fraud Threatens Web Organization: Excelsior Computer Services >> Someone could make the argument that watchdogs have better things to >> do. But click fraud -- endlessly clicking on ads to generate cash or >> hurt a competitor -- is a serious threat to the web business, and no > Let sites like Overture and Google be held legally responsible for > fraud and watch how fast they suddenly find ways to plug the leaks. I don't know. Aren't these ads similar to 800-numbers? A company agrees to incur a minor charge (the cost of a click or the cost of a phone call) in return for ease in promoting a product? Who's responsibility is it to prove phone fraud with toll-free numbers? -Joel ------------------------------ TELECOM Digest is an electronic journal devoted mostly but not exclusively to telecommunications topics. It is circulated anywhere there is email, in addition to various telecom forums on a variety of networks such as Compuserve and America On Line, Yahoo Groups, and other forums. It is also gatewayed to Usenet where it appears as the moderated newsgroup 'comp.dcom.telecom'. TELECOM Digest is a not-for-profit, mostly non-commercial educational service offered to the Internet by Patrick Townson. All the contents of the Digest are compilation-copyrighted. You may reprint articles in some other media on an occasional basis, but please attribute my work and that of the original author. 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